What do cutting forces represent in machining?

Cutting forces in machining represent the stress generated due to the interaction between the cutting tool and the workpiece as the cutting tool moves through the material. When the tool advances into the workpiece, it faces resistance from the material being cut, which results in forces acting on the tool. These forces are crucial for understanding the machining process as they influence factors such as tool wear, machining accuracy, and quality of the finished surface.

Moreover, cutting forces can affect the overall efficiency of the machining operation. Analyzing these forces helps in optimizing cutting parameters such as feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed, leading to improved performance and tool life. The other options do not accurately capture the essence of cutting forces, as they relate to different aspects of the machining process unrelated to the interaction between the tool and the material.